Microspheres of essential oil in polylactic acid and poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices and their blends

This study is focussed on micro-encapsulation of essential oils in polylactic acid (PLA) and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix as well as blends of the same. Microspheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The encapsulation efficiencies and release profiles of the essential oils were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and head-space solid-phase microextraction GC-MS, respectively. Furthermore, the microspheres were tested for antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

The results showed that the microspheres compositions (PLA/PMMA ratio) have significant effect on their characteristics. The process adopted for preparing the microspheres promoted formation of spherical particles at the sizes of 1.5–9.5?µm. The highest encapsulation efficiency of the prepared microspheres was observed in systems consisting of linalool (81.10?±?10.0?wt. % for PLA system and 76.0?±?3.3?wt. % for PMMA system). Confirmation was also made that the release rate of the microspheres was affected by the size of the same.     

Enhanced dissolution of sildenafil citrate as dry foam tablets

Dry foam formulation technology is alternative approach to enhance dissolution of the drug. Sildenafil citrate was suspended in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and adding a mixture of maltodextrin and mannitol as diluent to form a paste. Sildenafil citrate paste was passed through a nozzle spray bottle to obtain smooth foam. The homogeneous foam was dried in a vacuum oven and sieved to obtain dry foam granules. The granules were mixed with croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate and compressed into tablet. All formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and dissolution profiles. All the tested excipients were compatible with sildenafil citrate by both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared (IR) analysis. There are no X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks representing crystals of sildenafil citrate observed form dry foam formulations. The hardness of tablets was about 5?kg, friability test <1% with a disintegration time <5?min. The sildenafil citrate dry foam tablet had higher dissolution rate in 0.1 N HCl in comparison with commercial sildenafil citrate tablet, sildenafil citrate prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method. Sildenafil citrate dry foam tablet with the high-level composition of surfactant, water and diluent showed enhanced dissolution rate than that of the lower-level composition of these excipients. This formulation was stable under accelerated conditions for at least 6 months.     

乌司他丁与连续性血液净化联合治疗热射病的效果及对机体炎性反应影响研究

目的 分析乌司他丁与连续性血液净化联用对热射病患者所产生的影响。方法 选取2017年5月—2019年2月在海南医学院第二附属医院进行治疗的88例热射病患者作为研究对象,将其分为研究组和常规组,常规组患者接受常规治疗,研究组患者在常规治疗基础上,将乌司他丁与连续性血液净化联用。分析两种治疗措施的效果。结果 治疗前两组患者的IL-17、TNF-α、cTnⅠ、β₂-MG、PT、D-D、ET和TM水平,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。经治疗两组患者的上述指标水平都表现出下降的趋势,相对于常规组,研究组患者下降水平更明显,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。研究组治疗的总有效率为95.5%,高于常规组的72.7%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 运用乌司他丁与连续性血液净化联用的疗法对热射病患者进行治疗,可获得十分理想的治疗效果,可在临床工作中推广。     

利胆和胃方治疗胆热犯胃型胆汁反流性胃炎的临床观察

目的:观察利胆和胃方联合西药疗法对胆热犯胃型胆汁反流性胃炎产生的治疗效果。方法:将2016年2月-2018年2月甘肃中医药大学附属医院门诊及住院的129例胆热犯胃型胆汁反流性胃炎病例纳入本次研究,按照随机数字表法分为两组,对照组67例,观察组62例,对照组仅予以常规西药疗法,观察组在西医的基础上联合予以利胆和胃方联合常规西药,分析比较两组患者的中医证候积分、总体临床疗效及胃电图指标。结果:①两组患者治疗后各中医证候积分均有所降低,并且试验组各中医证候积分降低幅度明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。②观察组总体临床疗效有效率是95.2%(59/62),对照组总体临床疗效有效率为83.6%(56/67),观察组总体临床疗效有效率优于对照组(P<0.05)。③治疗后两组胃电图波形平均频率、胃肠电节律紊乱百分比具有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:对胆汁反流性胃炎实施利胆和胃方联合西药方案,可明显改善临床症状,调节胃肠运动。     

吴耀南寒热并调法辨治脾胃病的学术思想

寒热错杂证是脾胃病中最常见的证型之一,寒热并调法出自张仲景《伤寒论》中半夏泻心汤证、乌梅汤证等条文中对寒冷与温热药物共同运用的方法,临床上运用有很好的疗效。本文主要介绍全国名老中医专家吴耀南教授如何用寒热并调法治疗脾胃病寒热错杂证的学术思想。     

清化方治疗重症肺炎(痰热壅肺证)的临床研究

目的观察自拟清化方治疗重症肺炎(痰热壅肺证)患者的疗效。方法患者74例随机分为观察组与对照组各37例,对照组予西医常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用清化方治疗,分别于5、10 d后比较两组疗效。结果治疗5 d后,两组炎症指标、临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)、序贯器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA评分)、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHⅡ评分)、中医证候评分与治疗前比较,均显著改善(P<0.05);观察组在APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分等方面与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组炎症指标、CPIS评分、SOFA评分、APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组在降钙素原(PCT)、APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分等方面与治疗5 d后及对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组总有效率为80.00%,显著高于对照组的68.97%(P<0.05)。结论清化方对重症肺炎实证患者有较好的疗效,能有效改善患者的炎症反应,调整脏器功能,减轻患者症状,改善预后。     

慢性主观性头晕病机探讨与常见证候分析

目的:探讨慢性主观性头晕(CSD)的病机与证候分布。方法:采集125例CSD头晕患者的一般资料、中医四诊信息,对年龄、性别、症状、证候、证素进行统计学描述、分析。结果:CSD患者以青中年为主,男女比例1.0∶1.6。男女平均年龄、年龄分布差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。核心症状除头晕沉、头痛、自觉走路不稳或晃动等,尚包含眠差、急躁、心烦等精神症状及易疲乏、健忘、心慌等躯体症状。证候以阴虚证、痰热证、瘀热证常见,三组证候年龄分布、证候性别分布差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。与阴虚证相比,痰热证、瘀热证皆以≤44岁青年人居多(P<0.05),与瘀热证相比,阴虚证以45~59岁中年人较多(P<0.05),在≥60岁年龄段,三组证候分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);阴虚证、瘀热证以女性为主(P<0.05),痰热证以男性为主(P<0.05)。结论:CSD病位在心,为形神共病,神病为主导。邪扰神躁、清窍不利、形神失和为其主要病机,阳躁不宁、火热内扰是其发病基础。常见证候不外虚实之分,实证责之因郁化热、阳动神躁,虚证责之阴虚热扰、阳旺神浮。临证治疗CSD,当分析病因,明晰体质,随证施治,总以恢复脏腑气化,神安形合为根本目标。     

温病学理论指导下的新型冠状病毒肺炎诊治刍议

基于温病学理论,探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎的中医病因病机与诊治思路。温病学说源于明清之前的历代中医理论积累,经过长期的温热病防治实践而形成,其对于外感热病(包括烈性传染病)的病因病机、证治方药有着较为系统的论述,近年来在我国的新发传染病防治中发挥出积极的作用。温瘟相通,瘟疫病因多为热毒疫邪,表现为热证阳证,可按温病学中的卫气营血或三焦辨证分期论治,或治以吴又可、庞安时等的经方验方,这些因、机、证、治理论可试用于新型冠状病毒肺炎的中医诊疗。且肺与大肠相表里,胃肠道也是新型冠状病毒侵袭或繁殖的部位,采用中医清热通下之法,使邪从肠道而出,可能是减轻体内病毒感染与肺脏炎症的一种途径。     

Association of vitamin D levels and risk of latent tuberculosis in the hemodialysis population

BackgroundVitamin D is essential in the host defense against tuberculosis (TB). Suboptimal vitamin D status is common in the hemodialysis population. Hemodialysis patients have an increased risk compared to the general population latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, the association between vitamin D deficiency and LTBI in this population remains unclear.Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study between March and May 2017. Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) through QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube was used to assess LTBI. Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) levels were measured by Elecsys Vitamin D Total assay. Suboptimal vitamin D levels included vitamin D insufficiency 20–29 ng/mg and vitamin D deficiency <20 ng/mL. Predictors for LTBI were analyzed.ResultsA total of 287 participants were enrolled. The suboptimal vitamin D level was 31.4% (90/287), which including the vitamin D deficiency was 13.9% (40/287). A total of 49.1% (141/287) people received nutritional vitamin D supplementation. The prevalence of IGRA positivity in this study was 25.1% (72/287). There was no significant difference in vitamin D concentrations or the proportion of vitamin D supplementation among the IGRA-positive and IGRA-negative groups (p = 0.789 and 0.496, respectively). In multivariate analysis, age >65 years old (odds ratio (OR), 1.89; 95% CI, 1.08–3.31; p = 0.026) and TB history (OR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.38–8.91; p = 0.008) were independent predictors of IGRA positivity.ConclusionThis is the first study to report that vitamin D deficiency was not associated with IGRA positivity in a hemodialysis population. Aging and TB history were both independent predictors for LTBI.